It has a information about nutrition and Common Disease. Nutrition is very important for our body. Nutrition make our body fit and healthy.
A. Nutrition: Nutrition is the process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism, and repair. Nutritional stages are ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, assimilation, and excretion. By practicing a healthy diet, many of the known health issues can be avoided. Organisms are divided into autotrophs and heterotrophs according to their energy pathways.
i. Heterotrophs are those organisms that obtain nutrition by digesting organic compounds. Animals, fungi, many prokaryotes and protoctists are unable to synthesize organic compounds to use as food. Animals are mainly heterotrophs.
ii. Autotrophs are those organisms that are able to make energy-containing organic molecules from inorganic raw material by using basic energy sources such as sunlight. Plants are the prime example of autotrophs, using photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis:
a. Photosynthesis means synthesis of food with the help of Light.
b. Photosynthesis takes place only in green parts of the plant, mostly in leaves and to a lesser extent in green stems or floral parts.
c. Photosynthesis is only carbon Fixing Process on the earth.
A. Nutrition: Nutrition is the process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism, and repair. Nutritional stages are ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, assimilation, and excretion. By practicing a healthy diet, many of the known health issues can be avoided. Organisms are divided into autotrophs and heterotrophs according to their energy pathways.
i. Heterotrophs are those organisms that obtain nutrition by digesting organic compounds. Animals, fungi, many prokaryotes and protoctists are unable to synthesize organic compounds to use as food. Animals are mainly heterotrophs.
ii. Autotrophs are those organisms that are able to make energy-containing organic molecules from inorganic raw material by using basic energy sources such as sunlight. Plants are the prime example of autotrophs, using photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis:
a. Photosynthesis means synthesis of food with the help of Light.
b. Photosynthesis takes place only in green parts of the plant, mostly in leaves and to a lesser extent in green stems or floral parts.
c. Photosynthesis is only carbon Fixing Process on the earth.
B. Composition of Food: Food can be divided into following three broad categories.
a. Energy Food: Carbohydrates & Fats.
b. Body Building Food: Proteins
c. Protective Food: Minerals & Vitamins.
1. Carbohydrates
a. Carbohydrates are the main products of Photosynthesis.
b. General formula of Carbohydrate is Cx(H2O)y.
c. Glucose is simplest carbohydrate.
d. Fructose is sweetest among naturally occurring sugar.
e. Starch and Glycogen are two storage polysaccharides.
f. Starch is found abundantly in rice, wheat, potato.
g. Man cannot digest Cellulose.
2. Fats
a. Fats are esters of fatty acids with glycerol.
b. Fatty acids are two types: Saturated & Unsaturated.
c. Saturated Fats consist of Single bond while Unsaturated fats consist of at least 1 Double bond.
d. Vegetable fats are highly Unsaturated while Animal fats are saturated.
3. Proteins
a. Proteins are large, complex molecules that play critical roles in the body.
b. Protein normally contains carbon, Hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen and less commonly sulphur, phosphorus iodine and ion.
c. Proteins are primary food stuffs and are made up of amino acids.
d. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.
e. Deficiency of protein causes Kwashirkor (Red haired body) & Marasmus in infants.
4. Water
a. Amount of water in the human body ranges from 50-75%.
b. 70 to 90% of living cell is water.
c. The main Functions of Water are:
i. Water is a carrier, distributing essential nutrients to cells, such as minerals, vitamins and glucos.
ii. Chemical and metabolic reactions: Water removes waste products including toxins that the organs’ cells reject, and removes them through urines and faeces.
iii. Water participates in the biochemical break-down of what we eat.
iv. Body temperature regulation
v. Water also acts as a shock absorber for eyes, brain, spinal cord and even for the foetus through amniotic fluid.
5. Minerals
a. Minerals are inorganic substances.
b. Mineral have no energy value but imbalance of mineral level in the body may cause diseases.
c. Calcium and Phosphorus are deposited in bones and teeth to give them strength and rigidity.
d. Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) are essential for maintaining water balance and acid base balance, and also important in nerve impulse transmission.
e. Iron is required for haemoglobin and cytochrome synthesis. Iron gives red Colour to RBC (Red blood cell).
f. Fluorine maintains normal dental enamel and prevents dental cavities.
g. Zinc helps in healthy functioning of tongue.
h. Iodine is essential for the formation of thyroxin. Deficiency of iodine causes Goitre.
6. Vitamins: Vitamins are organic compounds and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts. Vitamins are group of organic compounds which are essential for normal growth and nutrition and are required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body.
Funk coined the term “Vitamin” in 1911.
Types of Vitamin are: A, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B7, B9, B12, C, D, E, K, P.
Vitamins cannot be synthesised in body except Vitamin D & Vitamin K.
Two Categories of vitamins are:
1. Fat Soluble vitamin (A,D,E,K)
2. Water Soluble Vitamin (B,C,P)
Vitamins Deficiency disease Food sources
Vitamin A Night-blindness Leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin
Vitamin B1 Beriberi Pork,brown rice, potatoes, eggs
Vitamin B2 Ariboflavinosis Dairy products, bananas
Vitamin B3 Pellagra Meat, fish, mushrooms, tree nuts
Vitamin B5 Paresthesia Meat, broccoli, avocados
Vitamin B6 Dermatitis & Anemia Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
Vitamin B7 Dermatitis, enteritis Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables
Vitamin B12 Megaloblastic anemia Meat and other animal products
Vitamin C Scurvy Many fruits and vegetables, liver
Vitamin D Rickets Fish, eggs, liver, mushrooms
Vitamin E Very rare; Sterility in males and abortions in females. Nuts and seeds
Vitamin K Bleeding diathesis Leafy green vegetables such as spinach.
Vitamin P Internal Bleeding Green Vegetables, Citrous fruits
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