Weather of Money: History of india in English

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Today i am going to write about indian history.

Indian History

Stone age

a. History of the Indian begins with evidence of human activity of Homo sapiens, as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago.

b. In Mehrgarh, in what is today western Pakistan, the Neolithic begins ca. 7000 and lasts until 3300 BCE and the first beginnings of the Bronze Age.

c. Homo erectus lived on the Pothohar Plateau, in upper Punjab, Pakistan along the Soan River (nearby modern-day Rawalpindi) during the Pleistocene Epoch.

d. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA dates the immigration of Homo sapiens to South Asia to 70,000 to 50,000 years ago

e. Sivaliks and the Potwar (Pakistan) region also exhibit many vertebrate fossil remains and paleolithic tools.

f. Chert, jasper and quartzite were often used by humans during this period.

g. the Sivaliks and the Potwar (Pakistan) region also exhibit many vertebrate fossil remains and paleolithic tools. Chert, jasper and quartzite were often used by humans during this period.

h. Archaeologists divides stone age into three broad category:

i. Palaeolithic comes from two Greek words, ‘palaeo’, meaning old, and ‘lithos’, meaning stone. The name points to the importance of finds of stone tools. The Palaeolithic period extends from 2 million years ago to about 12,000 years ago. This long stretch of time is divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. This long span of time covers 99% of human history.

ii. Mesolithic: Mesolithic means 'Middle Stone Age'. The Mesolithic period is a period of transition from the way people were living during the Palaeolithic period as hunter-gatherers to the development of farming in the Neolithic period. The period when we find environmental changes, beginning about 12,000 years ago till about 10,000 years ago is called the Mesolithic.

iii. Neolithic: The next stage, from about 10,000 years ago, is known as the Neolithic. Neolithic period in the AONB begins with the first farmers and the introduction of domesticated animals and plants e.g. sheep and wheat.

Indus Valley Civilization (3300 - 1700 BC)

a. Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that thrived in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys, now in Pakistan, along with the northwestern parts of India, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan.
b. Indus valley civilization is also called as Harappan civilization because Harappa was first site to be excavated in 1921 under supervision of Daya ram Sahni.
c. Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization.
d. Major sites are Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dhaulavira.
e. Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan)
i. 16 Agnikundas and 6 granaries found.
ii. Main gate of houses in North direction

iii. Mother goddess found here.

f. Mohenjodaro (Sindh, Pakistan)

i. Mohenjodaro means mound of dead.

ii. Great bath, big hall, bronze statue of a dancing girl, idol of yogi found here.

iii. Mohenjodero was discovered in 1922 under RD Bannerji supervision.

iv. Seven layer shows city was destroyed and rebuild seven times.

g. Kalibanga (Ganganagar, Rajasthan)

i. Did not have drainage system.

ii. Many agnikundas (firepits) found here.

iii. Ploughed field found.

h. Lothal (Ahmedabad, Gujarat)

i. Discovered by SR Rao in 1957.

ii. Dockyard found in lothal.

iii. Seal from iron found here.

iv. Clay pots, copper tools, brick tank found here.

i. Town planning was found in harappan civilization so it is called first urbanisation.

j. Most described animal is Bull.

Vedic Period (1750 - 500 BC)

a. Vedic period (1750–500 BC) was the period in Indian history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed.

b. During the early part of the Vedic period, the Indo-Aryans settled into northern India, bringing with them their specific religious traditions.

c. Vedic literature includes Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, Aryankas and Upnishads.

d. Rigveda

i. A collection of Hymns.

ii. Compiled around 1500-1000 BC

iii. It is divided into 10 volumes called Mandals.

e. Samaveda

i. A collection of Songs or sacrificial formulae.

ii. Two part of samaveda i.e Krishna and Shukla yajurveda.

f. Atharvad

i. A Collection off Spells and charms.

ii. Ayurveda has its origin from atharvaveda

g. Brahmanas

i. Text which contains meaning of vedic hymns, their use and stories of their origin.

ii. Tandya Brahmana is oldest of all brahmanas.

h. Aranyakas

i. This is concluding portion of brahmanas.

ii. Aranyakas are bridge between Vedas, brahmanas and upnishads.

i. Upnishads

i. Last phase of vedic literature

ii. Upnishads deal with philosophy.

iii. Upnishads emphasized the path of knowledge.

iv. “Satyameva Jayate” in National emblem is takem from Mundaka Upnishad.

j. In vedic period Tribe is called Jana and tribe chief is called Rajana.

k. The four varnas (Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra) are mentioned in Mandal 10 of Rigveda.

l. Rice and Wheat are main crops.

m. Iron was introduced in vedic age.

If you want to ask any question write in comment box.

History of india in English

Indian History

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