1. Climate of India
A) India has mansoon climate.
B) Indian mansoon are basically two types:
a. South-West Mansoon in summerb. North-East mansoon in winter
C) Factors affecting Indian Climate are:
a. Orientation of mountain rangeb. Variation of pressure in summer and winter
c. Jet stream in northern hemisphere at height altitude of 6-10km.
D) India has a large variation in climate from region to region, due to its vast size. India experiences climate from four major climate groups
a. Tropical wet (humid) climate groupi. Tropical wet (dry,humid)
ii. Tropical wet and dry or savannah climate
b. Dry climate group
i. Tropical semi-arid (steppe) climate
ii. Sub-tropical arid (desert) climate
iii. Sub-tropical semi-arid (steppe) climate
c. Sub-tropical humid climate group
i. Sub-tropical humid (wet) with dry winters
ii. Mountain climate or highland climate or alpine climate
2. Soil of India
A) Alluvial Soils
a. Grey, light brown in color.
b. It covers approx. 25% of Land surface.
c. Found in Indo-Ganga-Brahmputra plain, coastal plains.
d. Khadar (New alluvial) and Bagar (Old alluvial) are two kind of alluvial soil.
B) Black Cotton Soil
a. Dark black color.
b. Soil with high moisture retaining capacity.
c. Suitable for cotton.
d. Deficient in Nitrogen, Humus and phosphorus but rich in iron, aluminium and magnesium.
C) Red Soils
a. Red color due to Iron oxide.
b. Rich in iron, magnesium but poor in Humus, Nitrogen.
c. Low moisture retaining capacity.
D) Laterite Soils
a. Found in hills areas like deccan plateau, eastern ghats, Western ghats, Malabar hills.
b. Not very fertile but good for coffee, coconut.
E) Mountains and forest Soil
a. It contains stone pieces, bebbles as per locations.
b. Found in Himalaya, Vindhachal, Satpura and Nilgiri mountains.
c. Rich in humus but poor in potas, phosphoric acid.
F) Arid and desert soils
a. Light in color, contains high salt.
b. Found in western rajasthan.
G) Saline and Alkaline Soils
a. Excess presense of salts of Na, Ca, Mg
b. Not suitable for agriculture
c. Found in patches, Reh, Khullar, Usar.
E. Population of India (Census 2011)
1. Study of population is called Demography.
2. First Census held in 1872 but it was not synchronised census.
3. First Synchronized census held in 1881.
4. Census details are found in Mauryan period in kautilya’s Arthashastra.
5. Total Population of India: 1,028,737,436
6. State with Highest Population: Uttar Pradesh (166,197,921)
7. State with Lowest Population: Sikkim (540,851)
8. UT with Highest Population: Delhi (13,850,507
9. UT with Lowest Population: Lakshadweep (60,650)
10. District with Highest Population: Medinipur (West Bengal) (9,610,788)
11. District with Lowest Population: Yanam (Pondicherry) (31,394)
12. Total No. of States: 29
13. Total No. of Union Territories: 7
14. State with Highest Population Density: West Bengal (903)
15. State with Lowest Population Density: Arunachal Pradesh (13)
16. District with Highest Population Density: North East (Delhi) (29,468)
17. District with Lowest Population Density: Lahul & Spiti (Himachal Pradesh) (2)
18. Rural and Urban Population distribution: 72.18% =Rural, 27.82% = Urban
19. State with highest proportion of Urban Population: Goa (49.8%)
20. State with lowest proportion of Urban Population: Himachal Pradesh (9.8%)
21. Sex ratio (females per thousand males): India = 933, Rural =946, Urban = 900
22. State with Highest Female Sex Ratio : Kerala (1,058)
23. State with Lowest Female Sex Ratio: Haryana (861)
24. District with Highest Female Sex Ratio: Mahe (Pondicherry) (1,147)
25. District with Lowest Female Sex Ratio: Daman (Daman & Diu) (591)
26. Literacy rate Total = 64.8%, (Male=75.3%, Female = 53.7%)
27. State with Highest Literacy Rate = Kerala (90.9%)
28. State with Lowest Literacy Rate = Bihar (63.4%)
29. Scheduled Castes (SC) population in India : 16.2%
30. State with highest proportion of Scheduled Castes (SC) = Punjab ( 28.9 %)
31. State with lowest proportion of Scheduled Castes (SC)= Mizoram ( 0.03 %)
32. Scheduled Tribes (ST) Population in India : 8.2%
33. State with highest proportion of Scheduled Tribes (ST) = Mizoram ( 94.5 % )
34. State with lowest proportion of Scheduled Tribes (ST) = Goa (0.04 %).
F. Industry
1. First cotton textile mill was started in 1818 at Fort Glaster, Kolkata.
2. Maharashtra is largest producer of cotton textiles followed by Gujarat.
3. Ahmedabad is called menchester of India.
4. Uttarpradesh is leading Producer of Sugar
5. After partition, Bangladesh is largest hub of Jute industry.
6. Karnataka produces 70% of Silk in India.
7. Assam, West Bengal, Tamilnad and kerala produces 98% of tea.
8. Kerala produces more than 80% of Natural rubber of India.
9. Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) is a government-owned companies by Central or state or both. There are 250+ PSU companies in India.
10. India has 7 Maharatna PSUs i.e. ONGC, IOCL, Coal India, NTPC, SAIL, BHEL, GAIL (India).
G. Minerals
1. Coal
a) Coal is major source of energy production in india.
b) Main coal types are:
a. Anthracite (more than 80% carbon)
b. Bituminous (60 to 80% carbon)
c. Lignite (40 to 60% carbon)
d. Peat (less than 40% carbon)
c) Coal is also known as “Black Gold”.
d) Major coalfields are Raniganj (WB), Jharia, Bokaro (Jharkhand), Singrauli (MP), Himgiri, Talcher (Odisha).
2. Mineral Oil
a) Assam is oldest oil field of India.
b) Mumbai high produces 2/3 of total crude of India.
c) Some new discovery includes Kaveri Godavari (KG) basin, Rajasthan and ganga velly.
3. Iron Ore
a) Indian Iron ore is considered best quality in world.
b) Major Iron ore exploration is done at Jharkhand Odisa belt, Chhattisgarh-Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Kerala and Rajasthan belt.
G. Minerals
4. Manganese
a) India has 2nd largest reserve of manganese after Zimbabwe.
b) Producing states includes Orissa, Jharkhand, Karnataka, MP, Chhattisgarh, AP.
5. Aluminium
a) Mainly used in aircraft, automobile and chemical industry.
b) MP & Chhattisgarh are main producer.
6. Copper
a) Singhbhumi (Jharkhand) is largest producer & reserve.
b) Ketri (Rajasthan) is oldest copper mine of india.
7. Other Minerals
a) Kolar, hutti gold mines in Karnataka is main producer.
b) Zinc and Lead are extracted from Zawar Miners (Udaipur) and Angucha-rampura (Bhilwara) in rajasthan.
c) Mica is produced in Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan which is used for electric industry.
d) Uranium is found in Jaduguda mines in Jharkhand.
H. Agriculture
1. Green revolution increased wheat and rice production in 1960s.
2. Dr. MS Swaminathan is called father of Green revolution in india.
3. Blue revolution is associated with fish production
4. Dr Varghese Kurein is pioneer of operation flood, for dairy development programme to increase production of milk.
5. India has three main crop seasons:
a) Kharif: Mansoon crops
b) Rbi: Winter crops
c) Zaid: produced throughout year.
Tags: indian soil, indian places, tajmahal, redfort, geography, facts, kharif, rbi,
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